Caracterización de los pacientes oncológicos que ingresan por comorbilidades en el Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau» / Characterization of cancer patients admitted for comorbidities at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital

Introducción Según datos de la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS), el cáncer se ha convertido en una de las primeras causas de muerte a nivel mundial debido al aumento progresivo, si no existe control de su propagación. La valoración conjunta del paciente por parte de distintos especialistas que asumen su abordaje desde diferentes perspectivas, siempre mejora la atención de los mismos y en el caso del paciente oncológico no es una excepción. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes oncológicos que ingresaron por comorbilidades en el Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau» de la provincia Villa Clara. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau», de enero a diciembre del 2020, mediante la revisión documental de las historias clínicas al egreso. Resultados: En el sexo femenino, en pacientes de 60 años y más, predominaron los tumores de pulmón, mama y colorrectal, y en el sexo masculino, de pulmón, próstata y hemolinfopoyético El tumor de pulmón fue la localización más frecuente, predominó entre las comorbilidades, las neumonías en pacientes del sexo femenino, mayores de 60 años. Los pacientes ingresados por Diabetes Mellitus, presentaban una enfermedad estable, seguidos por los que se encontraban en progresión, los que ingresaron con insuficiencia cardiaca, presentaban tumor en pulmón o laringe. Conclusiones: Los pacientes que ingresaron por tener tumor de pulmón se asociaron a mayor número de complicaciones y egresos fallecidos. Recomendamos perfeccionar la atención integral de estos pacientes por oncólogos e internistas.

ABTRACT Introduction: according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to its progressive increase, if there is no control of its spread. The joint assessment of the patients by different specialists who assume their approach from different perspectives always improves their care and in the case of cancer patients this is not an exception. Objective: to characterize cancer patients admitted for comorbidities at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital in Villa Clara province. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital from January to December 2020, through documentary review of the medical records at discharge. Results: females aged 60 years and over predominated; lung, breast, and colorectal tumours predominated in this gender, as well as lung, prostate, and hemolymphopoietic tumours in males. Lung tumour was the most frequent location; pneumonia prevailed among the comorbidities, in females older than 60 years. Patients admitted for diabetes mellitus had a stable disease, followed by those who were in progression; those who were admitted with heart failure had a lung or larynx tumour. Conclusions: patients admitted for having a lung tumour were associated with a greater number of complications and deaths at discharge. We recommend improving a comprehensive care of these patients by oncologists and internists.

Factores asociados al desarrollo de enfermedad pulmonar intersticial en esclerosis sistémica / Factors associated with the development of interstitial lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis

Resumen Introducción: el compromiso pulmonar intersticial se presenta en 80% de las tomografías de tórax de pacientes con esclerosis sistémica (ES) y tiene gran impacto en la morbimortalidad. El objeti vo de este trabajo fue describir factores asociados al desarrollo de enfermedad pulmonar intersticial (EPI) en pacientes con diagnóstico de ES de nuestra división. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, casos y controles, de pacientes seguidos entre 2005-2021 que cumplían criterios de ES. Se definió EPI al hallazgo de manifestaciones intersticiales en tomografía de tórax con cortes de alta resolución (TACAR): patrón neumonía intersticial no específica (NINE) o neumonía intersticial usual (NIU), y/o hallazgos en pruebas de función pulmonar (CVF menor al 80% y DLCO menor al 80%). Se identificaron pacientes con EPI (casos) y sin ella (controles). Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas y serológicas. Se calcularon medidas de porcentaje, media (DS) y mediana (RIQ) en cada variable. Se efectuó análisis univariado y multivariado, mediante regresión logística para establecer su asociación con EPI. Resultados: Se incluyeron 79 pacientes con ES, 31 con EPI. El análisis univariado demostró que el subtipo de esclerosis (según clasific ación Le Roy), las medidas de función pulmonar y positividad del anticuerpo anticentrómero fueron factores asociados en forma estadísticamente significativa con EPI. En el análisis multivariado solo la presencia de anticuerpos anti-centrómero fue estadísticamente significativa. Discusión: el análisis de los factores de riesgo para determinar desarrollo y progresión de daño pulmonar tiene vital importancia para una implementación temprana del tratamiento, lo que impactaría en la tasa de mortalidad de los pacientes con ES.

Abstract Introduction: interstitial lung involvement occurs in 80% of chest CT scans of patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) and has a great impact on morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to describe factors associated with the development of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients diagnosed with SS in our division. Methods: a retrospective case-control study of patients followed up between 2005-2021 who met the classification criteria for SS was performed. ILD was defined as the finding of interstitial manifestations on high-resolution chest tomography (HRCT): non-specific interstitial pneumonia pattern (NSIP) or usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), and/or findings on pulmonary function tests (FVC less than 80% and DLCO less than 80%). Patients with ILD (cases) and without it (controls) were identified. Demographic, clinical and serological variables were analyzed. Percentage, mean (SD) and median (IQR) measurements were calculated for each variable. A univariate and multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression to establish its association with ILD. Results: Seventy nine patients with SS were included, 31 with ILD. Univariate analysis showed that sclerosis subtype (according to Le Roy classification), lung function measures, and anticentromere antibody positivity were factors associated with ILD in a statistically significant way. In the multivariate analysis, only the presence of anti-centromere antibodies was statistically significant. Discussion: the analysis of risk factors to determine the development and progression of lung damage is of vital importance for an early implementation of treatment, which would impact the mortality rate of patients with SS.

The application of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy guided by endobronchial ultrasound sheath in diagnosis of nonresolving pneumonias / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the application of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy guided by endobronchial ultrasound sheath (EBUS-GS-TBCB) in diagnosis of nonresolving pneumonias.Methods:Sixty patients with nonresolving pneumonias from March 2019 to July 2020 in Dalian Municipal Central Hospital were selected. The patients were divided into EBUS-GS-TBCB group (31 cases) and transbronchial forcep lung biopsy guided by endobronchial ultrasound sheath(EBUS-GS-TBLB) group (29 cases) by random digits table method.Results:The diagnostic rate of nonresolving pneumonias in EBUS-GS-TBCB group was significantly higher than that in EBUS-GS-TBLB group: 87.10% (27/31) vs. 65.52% (19/29), and there was statistical difference ( χ2 = 3.90, P = 0.048). There were no statistical difference in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value between 2 groups ( P>0.05). There were no statistical difference inthe shortest distance from lesions to pleura, incidence of pneumothorax and incidence of bleeding between EBUS-GS-TBCB group and EBUS-GS-TBLB group: (27.42 ± 2.88) mm vs. (27.01 ± 2.37) mm, 6.45%(2/31) vs. 3.45%(1/29) and 22.58%(7/31) vs. 13.79% (4/29), P>0.05. Among the causes of nonresolving pneumonias, infectious factors accounted for 21.67% (13/60), non infectious factors accounted for 66.67% (40/60), and uncertain causes accounted for 11.67% (7/60). Conclusions:The diagnostic rate of EBUS-GS-TBCB in nonresolving pneumonias is significantly higher than EBUS-GS-TBLB, and the complications such as bleeding and pneumothorax do not increase significantly.

HISTOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS IN THE LUNG-A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY DONE ON LOBECTOMY SPECIMENS

To study the histolopathological spectrum of non-neoplastic lesions of lung and to evaluate in relation to age, gender and clinico-radiological findings. This study is done over a period of 1 year (Nov 2020 to Nov 2021) in the Department of Pathology, LNMC, Bhopal. Total of 33 lobectomy specimens were studied. Specimens were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded H&E-stained tissue sections were studied. Special stains (Gomorri's methenamine silver stain and Periodic acid Schiff stain) were done where ever required. Non-neoplastic lesions from 3 (9.09%) women and 30 (90.90%) men, with a median age of 43.86 (Interquartile range: 23-60 years) were collected. Fibrotic interstitial changes comprised the most common category of histologic findings, noted in 20 (60.6%) patients. Most cases consisted of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) (30.30%), followed by smoking related interstitial fibrosis/SRIF (desquamative interstitial pneumonia like patterns and respiratory bronchiolitis like pattern) (12.12%), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) (9.09%) and patterns of “undefined” fibrosis (6.06%) such as peribronchial fibrosis, organizing pneumonias and other patterns of fibrosis that did not fall into a recognized category of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Granulomatous pathology was identified in 4 (10.81%) patients. On chest X-ray/CT scan chest, majority of lung lesions presented as diffuse and patchy opacities with honeycombing and bronchiectasis. Cigarette smoking was associated with 4 lung lesions. Histopathologic classification plays an important role in separating variable forms of non-neoplastic lung lesions & further subcategorising idiopathic interstitial pneumonia into clinically meaningful categories have important differences in natural history, prognosis, and treatment

Infectious diseases dynamics in growing/finishing pigs in Southern Brazil (2005-2016) / Dinâmica de ocorrência das doenças infecciosas em suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação no sul do Brasil (2005-2016)

This study aimed to determine the frequency and distribution of infectious diseases diagnosed through necropsy examination and histopathological analysis in growing/finishing pigs along 12 years (2005-2016) in Southern Brazil. We evaluated 1906 anatomopathological exams of pigs at growing/finishing phases, of which the infectious diseases corresponded to 75.6% of the cases (1,441/1,906). Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections were the most frequent, accounting for 51.3% of the cases (739/1,441) with a higher frequency from 2005 to 2007, characterizing an epidemic distribution, with a gradual decline after 2008. Infectious diseases affecting the respiratory system were the second major cause with 30.1% of the cases. Among these, necrotizing bronchiolitis caused by swine Influenza (15.1%, 218/1,441) and bacterial pneumonia (15%, 216/1,441) were the main conditions. Influenza was mostly diagnosed from 2010 to 2013, accounting for 43.1% (167/387) of the cases. After this period, both respiratory infectious diseases were endemic. Digestive system infectious diseases accounted for 10.5% of the diagnoses (151/1,441), with the following main conditions: Salmonella spp. enterocolitis (43.7%, 66/151), Lawsonia spp. proliferative enteropathy (41.7%, 63/151), and Brachyspira spp. colitis (14.6%, 22/151). The latter had a higher incidence from 2012 to 2014 with all cases detected in this period. Polyserositis and bacterial meningitis represented, respectively, 5.8% (84/1,441) and 2.3% (33/1,441) of the cases diagnosed, with a constant endemic character.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em determinar a frequência e a distribuição das doenças infecciosas diagnosticadas através de exame de necropsia e análise histopatológica em suínos nas fases de crescimento/terminação ao longo de 12 anos (2005-2016) no sul do Brasil. Foram avaliados 1906 laudos anatomopatológicos de suínos nas fases de crescimento/terminação, dos quais as doenças infecciosas corresponderam a 75,6% (1441/1906) do total. As infecções por circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) foram as mais frequentes, contabilizando 51,3% (739/1441) dos casos, com uma alta frequência de 2005 a 2007 caracterizando uma distribuição epidêmica neste período, e um declínio gradual após o ano de 2008. A segunda principal causa incluiu as doenças infecciosas que afetam o sistema respiratório (30,1% dos casos). Dentre essas, destacaram-se a influenza suína (15,1%; 218/1441) e pneumonias bacterianas (15%; 216/1441). O diagnóstico de influenza apresentou uma frequência elevada de 2010 a 2013, totalizando 43,1% (167/387) dos casos. Após este período, ambas doenças infecciosas respiratórias exibiram caráter endêmico. As doenças infecciosas do sistema digestório totalizaram 10,5% (151/1441) dos diagnósticos, com as seguintes principais condições: enterocolite por Salmonella spp. (43,7%; 66/151), enteropatia proliferativa por Lawsonia spp. (41,7%; 63/151) e colite por Brachyspira spp. (14,6%; 22/151). A colite por Brachyspira spp. apresentou uma alta incidência de 2012 a 2014 com todos os casos detectados no período. As polisserosites e meningites bacterianas representaram 5,8% (84/1441) e 2,3% (33/1441) dos casos diagnosticados, respectivamente, com um caráter endêmico constante.(AU)

Pneumonia por toxoplasmose em paciente imunocompetente / Toxoplasma pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient: case repor

Com grande distribuição mundial e incidência significativa, a toxoplamose é uma doença comum em mamíferos e pássaros, causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii. No homem, o parasitismo na fase proliferativa intracelular pode se apresentar sem sintomas, ou causar clínica transitória caracterizada por febre, fadiga e linfadenopatia. Por se tratar de patologia com sintomas inespecíficos e comuns a muitas outras, é fundamental a correta pesquisa de diagnósticos diferenciais, como citomegalovírus e Epstein-Barr. Relatamos o caso de um jovem e hígido, que desenvolveu pneumonia e, após confirmação sorológica para toxoplasmose e o tratamento adequado, apresentou melhora clínica.

With great worldwide distribution and significant incidence, toxoplamosis is a common disease in mammals and birds, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In humans, the parasitism in its intracellular proliferative phase may present no symptoms, or cause a transient condition characterized by fever, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy. Because it is a pathology with nonspecific symptoms that are common to many other conditions, it is fundamental to find the correct research of differential diagnoses, such as for Cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr. We report a case of a young and healthy man who developed pneumonia and, after serological confirmation for toxoplasmosis and the appropriate treatment, presented clinical improvement

Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial lung disease: focusing on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a rare condition characterized by extensive inflammation and fibrosis mainly involving the pulmonary interstitium or alveoli. Usually, patients with ILD clinically present with chronic cough and exertional dyspnea. ILD is classified into subtypes based on clinical characteristics, detailed history obtained from patients, and radiological, and/or histopathological features. The most common type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a chronic progressive fibrosing ILD and is associated with poor prognosis. An exclusive diagnosis of IPF requires no known condition causing ILD and typical radiological and/or histopathological features of lung fibrosis. Fibrosis observed in this condition is attributable to repetitive epithelial injury with consequent abnormal wound healing in genetically susceptible and elderly individuals. Currently, pirfenidone and nintedanib are useful disease-modifying agents available to treat IPF. In this article, we review the concept, diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment of ILD.

Discusión multidisciplinaria para el diagnóstico de la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática / Multidisciplinary discussion for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Antes de la publicación de la clasificación ATS/ERS 2002 de las neumonías intersticiales idiopáticas (NII), la evaluación histopatológica se consideraba la referencia de oro para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales (EPI). Sin embargo, varios estudios posteriores mostraron que las concordancias interobservador entre anatomopatólogos expertos torácicos eran sorprendentemente pobres ya que las apariencias histopatológicas pueden superponerse entre entidades distintas. Por lo anterior, se hace necesario un nuevo sistema diagnóstico que sirva de patrón de oro en pacientes con EPI. Es así como nace el concepto de discusión multidisciplinaria, para referirse a una reunión que permita la integración de todos los datos clínicos, radiológicos y patológicos disponibles para un paciente individual y así poder determinar un diagnóstico de trabajo.

Prior to the publication of the 2002 ATS / ERS classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP), the histopathological evaluation was considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases (ILD). However, several subsequent studies showed that interobserver concordances between expert lung pathologists were surprisingly poor, since histopathological appearances may overlap between different entities. Therefore, a new diagnostic system that serves as a gold standard in patients with ILD became necessary. This is how the concept of multidisciplinary discussion was born, to refer to a meeting that allows the integration of all the clinical, radiological and pathological data available for an individual patient and thus be able to determine a working diagnosis.

Clinical and pathological findings of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals / Achados clínicos e patológicos da infecção por Rhodococcus equi em potros

Infection by Rhodococcus equi is considered one of the major health concerns for foals worldwide. In order to better understand the disease's clinical and pathological features, we studied twenty cases of natural infection by R. equi in foals. These cases are characterized according to their clinical and pathological findings and immunohistochemical aspects. Necropsy, histologic examination, bacterial culture, R. equi and Pneumocystis spp. immunohistochemistry were performed. The foals had a mean age of 60 days and presented respiratory signs (11/20), hyperthermia (10/20), articular swelling (6/20), prostration (4/20), locomotor impairment (3/20) and diarrhea (3/20), among others. The main lesions were of pyogranulomatous pneumonia, seen in 19 foals, accompanied or not by pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis (10/20) and pyogranulomatous and ulcerative enterocolitis (5/20). Pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis was seen in 3 foals, one of which did not have pulmonary involvement. There was lymphoplasmacytic (4/20), lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic (1/20) or pyogranulomatous arthritis (1/20), affecting multiple or singular joints. Immunohistochemistry revealed to be a valuable tool for the detection of R. equi, confirming the diagnosis in all cases. Furthermore, pulmonary immunostaining for Pneumocystis spp. demonstrates that a coinfection with R. equi and this fungal agent is a common event in foals, seen in 13 cases.(AU)

Infecção por Rhodococcus equi é considerado um dos maiores problemas sanitários para potros em todo o mundo. Para melhor compreender a apresentação clínica e patológica da enfermidade, foram avaliados vinte casos de infecção natural por R. equi em potros. Os casos são caracterizados de acordo com seus achados clínicos e patológicos e aspectos imuno-histoquímicos. Foram realizados exames de necropsia, histologia, bacteriologia e imuno-histoquímica para R. equi e Pneumocystis spp. Os potros tinham idade media de 60 dias e apresentaram sinais respiratórios (11/20), hipertermia (10/20), aumento de volume articular (6/20), prostração (4/20), distúrbios locomotores (3/20) e diarreia (3/20), entre outros. As lesões mais importantes eram pneumonia piogranulomatosa, vista em 19 potros, acompanhada ou não por linfadenite piogranulomatosa (10/20) e enterocolite ulcerativa (5/20). Osteomielite piogranulomatosa foi constatada em três potros, um dos quais não apresentava envolvimento pulmonar. Artrites afetando uma ou múltiplas articulações eram caracterizadas por infiltrado linfoplasmocítico (4/20), linfoplasmocítico e neutrofílico (1/20) e piogranulomatoso (1/20). A imuno-histoquímica demonstrou ser uma ferramenta valiosa na detecção de R. equi, permitindo confirmar o diagnóstico em todos os casos avaliados. Além disso, a imuno-histoquímica para Pneumocystis spp. demonstra que a coinfecção por R. equi e o agente fúngico é um evento frequente em potros, constatado em 13 casos.(AU)

Enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales. Una perspectiva actual / Update on interstitial lung diseases

Interstitial lung diseases are a broad, diverse, challenging group of diseases, most of them chronic whose prognosis is not good. In the last two decades there have been considerable advances in the knowledge of the epidemiology, pathological and genetic bases and treatment of several of these diseases. This article summarizes and presents updated information about their classification, new knowledge on genetics and treatments in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, advances in the diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and a review of the broad spectrum of interstitial diseases associated with connective tissue diseases. Several clinical trials are currently underway whose results will be available in the coming years and will provide more information and tools to improve the treatment of these patients.

Korean Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Interstitial Lung Diseases: Part 1. Introduction / 결핵

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is a histologically identifiable pulmonary disease without a known cause that usually infiltrates the lung interstitium. IIP is largely classified into idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease (ILD), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, and acute interstitial pneumonia. Each of these diseases has a different prognosis and requires specific treatment, and a multidisciplinary approach that combines chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), histological findings, and clinical findings is necessary for their diagnosis. Diagnosis of IIP is made based on clinical presentation, chest HRCT findings, results of pulmonary function tests, and histological findings. For histological diagnosis, video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy and transbronchial lung biopsy are used. In order to identify ILD associated with connective tissue disease, autoimmune antibody tests may also be necessary. Many biomarkers associated with disease prognosis have been recently discovered, and future research on their clinical significance is necessary. The diagnosis of ILD is difficult because patterns of ILD are both complicated and variable. Therefore, as with other diseases, accurate history taking and meticulous physical examination are crucial.

Korean Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Interstitial Lung Diseases: Part 3. Idiopathic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia / 결핵

Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is one of the varieties of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Diagnosis of idiopathic NSIP can be done via multidisciplinary approach in which the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings were discussed together and exclude other causes. Clinical manifestations include subacute or chronic dyspnea and cough that last an average of 6 months, most of which occur in non-smoking, middle-aged women. The common findings in thoracic high-resolution computed tomography in NSIP are bilateral reticular opacities, traction bronchiectasis, reduced volume of the lobes, and ground-glass opacity in the lower lungs. These lesions can involve diffuse bilateral lungs or subpleural area. Unlike usual interstitial pneumonia, honeycombing is sparse or absent. Pathology shows diffuse interstitial inflammation and fibrosis which are temporally homogeneous, namely NSIP pattern. Idiopathic NSIP is usually treated with steroid only or combination with immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil. Prognosis of idiopathic NSIP is better than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Many studies have reported a 5-year survival rate of more than 70%.

Correlation of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pulmonary function and inflammatory biomakers in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia / 中国医学影像技术

Objective: To explore the relationship of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging and pulmonary function and laboratory inflammatory biomarkers in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). Methods PET/CT imaging of 20 patients with IIP (IIP group) and 20 patients without pulmonary lesions (control group) were retrospectively analyzed. The maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) and mean SUV (SUVmean) of the whole lung were measured, and the maximum target-to-back ratio (TBRmax) and mean TBR (TBRmean) were calculated. SUV and TBR were compared between IIP group and control group, and the correlation of TBR and pulmonary function indexes and inflammatory biomarkers in IIP group were evaluated. Results SUVmax, SUVmean, TBRmax and TBRmean in IIP group were significantly higher than those in control group (all P0.05), nor between TBR and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reaction protein (both P>0.05). Conclusion: The radioactive uptake increases in IIP patients, which has certain correlation with pulmonary function.

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: review of the latest American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification / Pneumonias intersticiais idiopáticas: revisão da última classificação da American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society

Abstract The diagnosis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) involves a multidisciplinary scenario in which the radiologist assumes a key role. The latest (2013) update of the IIP classification by the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society proposed some important changes to the original classification of 2002. The novelties include the addition of a new disease (idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis) and the subdivision of the IIPs into four main groups: chronic fibrosing IIPs (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia); smoking-related IIPs (desquamative interstitial pneumonia and respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease); acute or subacute IIPs (cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia); rare IIPs (lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis); and the so-called "unclassifiable" IIPs. In this study, we review the main clinical, tomographic, and pathological characteristics of each IIP.

Resumo O diagnóstico das pneumonias intersticiais idiopáticas (PIIs) envolve um cenário multidisciplinar no qual o radiologista assume papel fundamental. A última atualização (2013) da classificação das PIIs pela American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society propõe algumas mudanças importantes em relação à classificação original de 2002. Dentre as novidades, destacam-se o acréscimo de uma nova doença (fibroelastose pleuroparenquimatosa idiopática) e a subdivisão das PIIs em quatro grupos principais: PIIs crônicas fibrosantes (fibrose pulmonar idiopática e pneumonia intersticial não específica); PIIs relacionadas ao tabagismo (pneumonia intersticial descamativa e bronquiolite respiratória com doença intersticial pulmonar); PIIs agudas/subagudas (pneumonia em organização e pneumonia intersticial aguda); PIIs raras (pneumonia intersticial linfocítica e fibroelastose pleuroparenquimatosa idiopática); além das ditas "inclassificáveis". Foram revisadas, de forma didática neste estudo, as principais características clínicas, tomográficas e patológicas de cada uma das PIIs.

Complicações respiratórias secundárias a lesões inalatórias em indivíduos queimados e atuação fisioterapêutica: Uma revisão de literatura / Respiratory complications in inhalation injury in burnt individuals and physiotherapy action: A literature review / Complicaciones respiratorias secundarias a lesiones inalatórias en individuos quemados y actuación de la fisioterapia: Una revisión de literatura

OBJETIVO: Identificar as principais complicações respiratórias em pacientes queimados associadas à lesão inalatória (LI) e às condutas fisioterapêuticas empregadas com esses pacientes. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura nas bases de dados LILACS, Scielo e PubMed, e o período de publicação dos artigos foi delimitado entre 2008 e 2018. RESULTADOS: Dentre os sinais e características mais comuns em casos de LI, encontram-se escarro, tosse, falta de ar e dispneia. Os menos comuns são chiado, rouquidão, fadiga, dor de garganta e alterações do ritmo respiratório. Os achados físicos podem ser confirmados por estudos incluindo broncoscopia de fibra ótica. Quanto ao tratamento instituído, temos o emprego da ventilação mecânica e a intubação. CONCLUSÃO: A realização desse estudo de revisão de literatura evidenciou uma variedade de danos causados à mucosa respiratória em consequência a uma LI. Tais complicações podem ser fatais se não tratadas de forma rápida e eficaz; a fisioterapia respiratória, por meio de suas formas de tratamento e recursos, mostrou ter uma valiosa contribuição para identificação e tratamento das diversas complicações pulmonares causadas pela LI.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main respiratory complications in burn patients associated with inhalation injury and the physiotherapeutic action with these patients. METHODS: A review of the literature was carried in the LILACS, Scielo and PubMed databases, where the period of publication of articles was delimited between 2008 and 2018. RESULTS: Among the signs and characteristics most common in cases of inhalation injury are sputum, cough, shortness of breath and dyspnea. The least common are wheezing, hoarseness, fatigue, sore throat and changes in breathing rhythm. Physical findings may be confirmed by studies including fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Regarding the treatment instituted, we have the use of mechanical ventilation and intubation. CONCLUSION: The performance of this literature review study revealed a variety of damage to the respiratory mucosa as a consequence of an inhalation injury. Such complications can be fatal if not treated quickly and effectively; respiratory physiotherapy through its forms of treatment and resources, has been shown to have a valuable contribution to the identification and treatment of various pulmonary complications caused by inhalation injury.

Objetivo: Identificar las principales complicaciones respiratorias en pacientes quemados asociados a lesiones inalatórias (LI) y las conductas de la fisioterapia empleadas con esos pacientes. Método: Se realizó una revisión de literatura en las bases de datos LILACS, Scielo y PubMed, en el cual el período de publicación de los artículos fue delimitado entre 2008 y 2018. Resultados: Entre las señales y características más comunes en el caso de LI se encuentran esputo, tos, falta de aire y disnea. Los menos comunes son "chillado", ronquera, fatiga, dolor de garganta y cambios del ritmo respiratorio. Los hallazgos físicos pueden ser confirmados por estudios incluyendo broncoscopia de fibra óptica. En cuanto al tratamiento instituido, tenemos el empleo de la ventilación mecánica y la intubación. Conclusión: La realización de este estudio de revisión de literatura evidenció una variedad de daños causados en la mucosa respiratoria en consecuencia a una LI. Tales complicaciones pueden ser fatales si no se tratan de forma rápida y eficaz; la fisioterapia respiratoria, por medio de sus formas de tratamiento y recursos mostró tener una valiosa contribución para la identificación y tratamiento de las diversas complicaciones pulmonares causadas por la LI.

Actualización del modelo predictivo SEGRAV 23, intervenciones diagnósticas terapéuticas de mayor riesgo / Updating the predictive model SEGRAV 23, higher risk diagnostic and therapeutic interventions

Introducción: los modelos predictivos constituyen herramienta importante en cuidados intensivos. La escala SEGRAV 23 ha mostrado su validez para establecer pronóstico en pacientes pediátricos. Objetivo: determinar intervenciones de mayor riesgo del SEGRAV 23. Métodos: estudio observacional, analítico, de cohorte retrospectivo, en el cual se aplicó el modelo SEGRAV 23 en pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos del Hospital Militar Central Dr. Luis Díaz Soto , durante cinco años (2007-2008, 2012-2014). La muestra fue de 356 pacientes. Se calculó chi cuadrado de ajuste, se comprobó independencia a través de chi cuadrado de Pearson y prueba exacta de Fisher, con nivel de significación estadística p< 0,05. Se descartaron variables no puntuables y las de menor influencia en categoría fallecidos (p> 0,05). Se calculó odds ratio (OR) con intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95 por ciento para determinar riesgo. Resultados: la mortalidad fue 2,53 por ciento (356 ingresos/9 fallecidos), los pacientes no graves predominaron (222/62,4 por ciento; p< 0,05). Entre los muy graves (12/3,4 por ciento) y críticos (9/2,5 por ciento) estuvieron todos los fallecidos. Una vía venosa central (71/19,9 por ciento y tratamiento de trastornos hidroelectrolíticos severos (63/17,7 por ciento) fueron más frecuentes. El doppler transcraneal, la nutrición parenteral total y el tratamiento de la coagulación intravascular diseminada, no puntuaron. Realización de tomografía, una vía venosa central, intervención quirúrgica y pleurotomía mostraron relación poco significativa con mortalidad (p> 0,05). La realización de reanimación cardiopulmonar (OR= 1 380; IC 95 por ciento [113,198-16 823,63]) y uso de FiO2≥ de 60 por ciento (OR= 454,67; IC 95 por ciento [48,89-4 228,57]) presentaron mayor riesgo. Conclusiones: de las 23 intervenciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas del SEGRAV 23, se determinaron 15 asociadas a mayor riesgo de mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: predictive models are an important tool in intensive care. The SEGRAV 23 scale has proven to be useful to establish a prognosis in pediatric patients. Objective: determine SEGRAV 23 higher risk interventions. Methods: an observational analytical retrospective cohort study based on application of the SEGRAV 23 model was conducted with community-acquired pneumonia patients at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Dr. Luis Díaz Soto Central Military Hospital during five years (2007-2008, 2012-2014). The sample consisted of 356 patients. Adjustment chi square was estimated, and independence verified by Pearson's chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test, with a statistical significance level of p< 0.05. Nonpoint variables and those with a lesser influence on the deceased category (p> 0.05) were discarded. Odds ratio (OR) was estimated with a confidence interval (CI) of 95 percent to determine risk. Results: mortality was 2.53 percent (356 admissions/9 deaths), with a predominance of non-critical patients (222/62.4 percent; p< 0.05). All the deaths were among very critical (12/3.4 percent) and critical (9/2.5 percent) patients. The most frequent procedures were one central venous route (71/19.9 percent) and treatment for severe hydroelectrolitic disorders (63/17.7 percent). Transcranial Doppler, total parenteral nutrition, and the treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation did not score. Tomography, one central venous route, surgery and pleurotomy exhibited a not very significant relationship to mortality (p> 0.05). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR= 1 380; CI 95 percent [113.198-16 823.63]) and the use of FiO2≥ 60 percent (OR= 454.67; IC 95 percent [48.89-4 228.57]) displayed higher risk. Conclusions: of the 23 SEGRAV 23 diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, 15 were found to be associated with a higher risk of mortality(AU)

Aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de pneumonias infantis associadas aos quatro tipos de vírus para influenza em Fortaleza-CE

As pneumonias são problemas de saúde publica mundial, especialmente em crianças menores que cinco anos de idade. Os vírus para influenza (VPI-1, 2 e 3) são agentes frequentes de pneumonia, pouco se conhecendo sobre a participação do VPI-4devido a dificuldades do seu isolamento em cultura de células, a ausência de antígenos específicos para este vírus nos painéis de rotina de detecção dos vírus respiratórios,além de serem relacionados apenas a casos de infecções respiratórias leves. O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever o perfil epidemiológico e clínico das pneumonias causadas pelos quatro tipos de VPI na população de estudo, no período de janeiro de2013 a dezembro de 2014. Para tanto, aspirados nas ofaríngeos de 542 crianças de até cinco anos atendidas no Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin (HIAS), que receberam o diagnóstico de pneumonia, foram submetidos à RT-PCR para a detecção dos VPI-1, 2 e3 e 4. Estas amostras tinham sido analisadas anteriormente por imunofluores cência indireta para vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR), influenza (A e B), adenovírus e VPI (1,2 e 3). Os VPI foram detectados em 165 casos, seguido de VSR (136), adenovírus (34) e influenza (30). As características clínicas e epidemiológicas de pneumonias pelos VPI foram analisadas em 104 amostras que apresentaram infecção isolada por um dos quatro tipos de VPI. Os VPI mais frequentemente detectados, em ordem decrescente, foram os tipos VPI-3 (64,42%), VPI-4 (19,23%), VPI-1(14,42%) e VPI-2 (1,92%). O VPI-4 foi omais associado a co-infecções. O VPI-4 foi o único VPI cuja circulação esteve associada à estação chuvosa dos dois anos de estudo (p<0,0001). O VPI-3 e o VPI-1apresentaram pico de circulação associado à estação seca. Os VPI são agentes frequentes de pneumonias em crianças menores que cinco anos na cidade de Fortaleza.

Pneumonia are public health problems world wide, especially in childrenyounger than five years old. Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV-1, 2 and 3) are commonagents of pneumonia, little was know about the involvement of HPIV-4 due todifficulties of isolation in cell culture, the absence of antigens specific for this virus inpanels routine detection of respiratory viruses, and are associated only with cases ofmild respiratory infections. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical andepidemiological profile of pneumonia caused by four types of HPIV in the studypopulation, from January 2013 to December 2014. To this end, nasopharyngeal aspiratesof 542 children under five treated at Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin (HIAS), who werediagnosed with pneumonia, were subjected to RT-PCR for the detection of HPIV-1, 2, 3and 4. These samples had been previously analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence forrespiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (A and B), adenovirus, and HPIV (1, 2 and3). The HPIV were detected in 165 cases, followed by RSV (136), adenovirus (34) andinfluenza (30). Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pneumonia by HPIVwere analyzed in 104 samples with isolated infection with one of four types of HPIV.The HPIV most frequently detected, in descending order, were the HPIV-3 types(64.42%), HPIV-4 (19.23%), HPIV-1 (14.42%) and HPIV-2 (1.92 %). The HPIV-4 wasthe most associated with co-infection. The HPIV-4 was the only HPIV whosecirculation was associated with the rainy season of two years of study (p <0.0001). The HPIV-3 and HPIV-1 had a circulation peak associated with the dry season. The HPIVare frequent agents of pneumonia in children younger than five years in the city of Fortaleza.

Aspectos patológicos e microbiológicos das doenças respiratórias em suínos de terminação no Brasil / Pathological and microbiological aspects of respiratory disease in fattening pigs in Brazil

Para avaliação dos aspectos patológicos e microbiológicos de casos clínicos de doenças respiratórias em suínos de terminação foram analisados 75 suínos doentes oriundos de 36 lotes. Suínos que apresentavam sinais clínicos respiratórios evidentes foram necropsiados para avaliação macroscópica e colheita de amostras para análise histopatológica e microbiológica. Foram realizados testes de isolamento bacteriano para as principais bactérias do sistema respiratório dos suínos, PCR para Mycoplasma hyorhinis, imuno-histoquímica para Influenza A, Circovirus suíno tipo 2 e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. A sensibilidade antimicrobiana de 24 amostras de Pasteurella multocida tipo A foi avaliada por testes de concentração inibitória mínima para os principais antimicrobianos utilizados em suinocultura. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e Pasteurella multocida tipo A foram os agentes infecciosos mais prevalentes. Broncopneumonia supurativa e pleurite foram as principais lesões respiratórias encontradas. Pasteurella multocida tipo A, quando presente, aumentou a extensão das lesões pulmonares. Todas as amostras de Pasteurella multocida testadas foram sensíveis aos antimicrobianos Doxiciclina, Enrofloxacina e Tilmicosina. Em 58% das amostras foi identificado mais de um agente infeccioso, evidenciando a alta prevalência da associação de agentes nas doenças respiratórias de suínos em terminação...

For pathological and microbiological evaluation of porcine respiratory disease in fattening pigs, seventy five animals showing respiratory distress, fever and/or cough were analyzed. These pigs were necropsied and samples were collected for histological and microbiological analysis. Bacterial isolation procedures were performed aiming to detect major swine bacterial respiratory pathogens. Also, PCR for Mycoplasma hyorhinis, and immunohistochemistry for Influenza A, porcine circovirus type 2, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae were carried out. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida type A were the most prevalent infectious agents. The antimicrobial sensitivity of 24 samples of P. multocida type A was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration tests and all these samples were sensitive to doxycycline, tilmicosin and enrofloxacin. Suppurative bronchopneumonia and pleuritis were main respiratory lesions found. When P. multocida type A was present, the extension of lung lesions was increased. In 58% of the samples more than one infectious agent was identified, suggesting a high prevalence of infectious agents associations in porcine respiratory disease in Brazil...

Estrategia de intervención en salud para perfeccionar el proceso de atención médica a niños con afecciones pulmonares recurrentes / Intervention strategy in health service to improve the medical care process to children with recurrent lung affections

Fundamento: El proceso de atención médica a los niños con afecciones pulmonares recurrentes en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, muestra insuficiencias que motivan que esos pacientes no se identifiquen adecuadamente y que existan diferencias en el uso de métodos para el diagnóstico de las posibles causas subyacentes. El diseño de acciones para contrarrestar esas insuficiencias no ha sido descrito aún en artículos científicos. Objetivo: Diseñar una estrategia de intervención en salud para el perfeccionamiento del proceso de atención médica a los niños con afecciones pulmonares recurrentes. Metodología: Se utilizaron los siguientes métodos: análisis documental, observación, entrevistas, grupos nominales, criterios de expertos; así como métodos estadístico-matemáticos. La investigación se dividió en tres etapas y se desarrolló en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus desde el 2009 al 2014. Resultados: Se detectaron insuficiencias metodológicas en el proceso de atención médica a niños con afecciones pulmonares recurrentes. Se elaboró y ejecutó una estrategia de intervención que consistió en el redimensionamiento de la organización existente en los servicios de salud, así como la estructuración de elementos teóricos, clínicos e investigativos para evaluar e investigar esos pacientes. Conclusiones: La estrategia demostró ser efectiva y aplicable; posibilitó una primera aproximación a niños cubanos con afecciones pulmonares recurrentes y permitió elevar el nivel de conocimientos, de los médicos, sobre esas afecciones.

Background: The medical care process to children with recurrent lung affections at Sancti Spíritus province shows insufficiencies that promote inappropriate identification of those patients and use of methods for the diagnosis of the possible underlying causes in different ways. The design of actions to offset those insufficiencies has not still been described in scientific papers. Objective: to design an intervention strategy in health service for the improvement on the medical care process to children with recurrent lung affections. Methodology: The following methods were used: documental analysis, observation, interviews, nominal groups, experts' criteria; as well as statistical-mathematical methods. The investigation was divided into three stages and it was developed at Sancti Spíritus province from 2009 to 2014. Results: Methodological insufficiencies were detected in the medical care process to children with recurrent lung affections. An intervention strategy was elaborated and executed; this strategy consisted on the re dimension of the existent organization in health services, as well as in the structuring of theoretical, clinical and investigative elements to evaluate and to investigate those patients. Conclusions: The strategy demonstrated to be effective and applicable; it facilitated a first approach to Cuban children with recurrent lung affections and allowed to increase the level of doctors’ knowledge on those affections.